Birthday Wish To A Female


Whether your cousin is amazing or downright annoying they are still someone you shared your childhood with. Love between family can be loud and messy, but it is also unwavering, so take a moment on their special day to wish your cousin a happy birthday. Below are some birthday messages to help inspire you on how to say happy birthday cousin.

Ranging from loving to witty there are a variety to choose from that will hopefully suit your cousin’s personality and style. Remember that while actions may speak louder than words sometimes saying the words is still important!

Happy birthday cousin list

1. A birthday is just the beginning of another year in that thing they call life. It’s long and sometimes beautiful, other times difficult, but it’s made all the better since I have a cousin like you. I hope that I can bring you that same comfort.

2. Cousins are a little slice of childhood. I’m grateful I had you in my life to love, cherish, and annoy. Happy birthday!

3. I am so grateful to have you in my life. I can never forget how blessed and fortunate I am to have a cousin like you. I hope your birthday is filled with joy and cheer.

4. Every birthday is a new page in your book of life. Make sure to fill your pages with generosity, kindness, and love. You should start with generosity, and share that delicious cake with your favorite cousin!

5. You are more adored than you could possibly realize. I hope that on your birthday you receive enough love to last a lifetime cousin. You can start with mine. Happy birthday!

6. Thank you for being the kind of person who knows all my flaws, but accepts and loves me anyway. You are more than my cousin. You are my bestie.

7. Family is connected not just by blood but by heart. Even distance and time cannot break apart our bond. I love you cousin and always will no matter what we go through. Have a wonderful birthday.

8. You mean the absolute world to me, because you are the type of person who gives so unselfishly. I hope to be even half the person you are one day. Happy birthday!

9. I am convinced I have the best cousin in the world, and I hope the feeling is mutual. From one phenomenal cousin to another I wish you a happy birthday!

10. I hope that this year you wake up with a smile on your face every single day. At least I know you will tomorrow, because I got you the best birthday gift ever. Cake. Happy birthday cousin!

11. I wish you a wonderful birthday filled with warm wishes and a whole lot of chicken and beer. Also, tacos. Everyone should have tacos on their birthday.

12. Your cake has so many candles that it’s become a fire hazard. Mwahaha. I meant congrats on getting older cousin!

13. You may not say it often cousin, but I know that deep down you totally care for me. Deep, deep, deep down where you can barely see it. I feel the same about you, and I hope your birthday is truly spectacular.

14. For all the years you ratted me out to my parents I forgive you, because it’s your birthday. Also, I may have ratted you out to your parents a couple times too.

15. I am so deeply blessed to have a cousin like you: fun, fearless, and little flighty. You bring endless joy into my life. I hope you get tons of presents, cake and love on your birthday.

16. I hope that you continue to reach higher and higher in life. You’ve already touched the sky, but I know you can also reach the stars. Happy birthday cousin!

17. I hope you have a birthday as epic as the day you were born. As I hear it, it was pretty darn epic. Stay classy, cool, and amazing this year cousin.

18. You are the kind of person whose impact on this world will leave lasting impressions. I can tell, because you’ve already impacted my life for the better in so many ways. May all the good you’ve done return to you two-fold this year cousin.

19. The bond of family is stronger than any argument or fight we’ve been through. I hope to continue to be a part of every journey you go through in life. Happy birthday!

20. Happy birthday to the sweetest, most adorable cousin in the world. I hope your birthday is filled with sugar, spice, and all things nice just like you.

21. Friendships come and go, but family is for life. Sometimes that’s a good thing, and sometimes that’s a bad thing. One thing is for certain, though, having a cousin as wonderful as you has brought nothing but joy into my life.

22. May you live long and prosper cousin, and may you never own a red shirt. Happy birthday you trekkie you!

23. You mean more to me than you will ever know. Even though I don’t say it often enough I hope my actions convey my feelings loud and clear: I have nothing but love and respect for you cousin.

24. As your cousin it’s my duty to wish you happy birthday and remind you that you’re getting old. Really, really, really old, but I still love you anyway.

25. I am so lucky I have a cousin like you: one who inspires greatness. I hope your year is filled with happiness, love, and exciting exploits. Happy birthday cousin!

26. I can’t fathom a life without you in it cousin. I can only assume it would be bleak and boring without you. You are one of the people that contributes the most to my happiness in life. Thank you.

27. Thanks for all the things you’ve done for me. I can’t even count all the ways that you’ve been there for me. I am deeply touched and immensely grateful to you cousin. Happy birthday!

28. Even through our many fights you have been patient and kind. I am really lucky that I have a cousin as loving as you. This birthday I hope you receive all the joy your heart can hold.

29. During childhood you were my greatest friend. Even though many birthdays have come and gone since then our friendship is as strong as ever. Thanks for always sticking by my side.

30. I love you is such a small and simple phrase, but it carries the depth of my feelings for you. I hope you feel the sincerity in my words, because I truly mean it. Happy birthday!

31. Your birthday is special, because it gives me the opportunity to celebrate the day that someone I love and respect came into the world. I hope it’s a wonderful day for you.

32. I hope that for your birthday you are showered in blessings, including mine. I know you will return them to me ten-fold. Thank you for always being my strength and support.

33. Your joy and zest for life inspire me to strive to be a better person. May your birthday be filled with wonder and awe. Happy birthday cousin!

34. Dear cousin, I knew I loved you since the day you were born. I’m so proud of all you’ve done so far in your life, but I’m even prouder of who you’ve become. Happy birthday!

35. There are some bonds that stand the test of time. Ours is one such bond. It’s deep and everlasting. You’ve had a profound effect on my life for the better. Thanks for being a constant source of love.

36. I hope you set the world ablaze with your dreams and aspirations. If so, you can use the flames to light all those birthday candles on your cake cousin. Happy birthday!

37. Cousins always know when to hold you and more importantly when to challenge you. Thanks for helping me grow as a person even when I didn’t want to. Happy birthday cousin!

38. You bring such glee into not just mine, but our family’s lives. May your deepest wishes and dreams come true this year. Happy birthday cousin!

39. Remember that at the end of the day age is just a number. What really matters is what you’ve done with all the years you’ve been given. Keep on being fabulous cousin, and you’ve got nothing to worry about. Happy birthday!

41. This birthday I wanted to let you know that you will forever be an irreplaceable part of my life. I hope your birthday is as phenomenal as you are cousin.

42. You are such a wonderful reminder of all that makes life good and whole. Happy birthday to my cousin that shines brighter than the sun. May you get tons of presents and food on your birthday!

43. Congrats on being an awesome human being. You are the epitome of amazing. Even Daria would think you were cool. Happy birthday you misanthrope you!

44. This birthday let’s take a moment to fondly reminisce about all the fantastic memories we’ve shared in our lives. There are too many to count so we can take the whole day if you want. I love you!

45. I hate that we have to spend your birthday apart, but I am thinking of you even now. Sending you love and a little bit of crazy your way just in case you missed me.

46. As I’ve gotten older I’ve realized that my moments and memories with you are some of the ones that are closest to my heart. You’ve left an impression on my life like no other, and I can’t imagine not having you as my cousin. Happy birthday!

47. I know being related to me is really the only birthday gift you need, but just in case I also brought you cake and wine. You’re welcome.

48. You are such a kind and thoughtful soul. I am so fortunate that I get to celebrate having another year to bask in your awesome presence. May your birthday be filled with all the smiles a day can bring. Happy birthday cousin!

49. Even when you are down and out I have faith in you, because you’re the kind of person who doesn’t know the meaning of the word defeat. This birthday marks the beginning of the year you begin world domination. I’ll forever be your minion cousin!

50. Your presence in my life is a source of wonder and happiness. I’m so glad to be even a small part of your life. Have a spectacular birthday cousin!

51. If I was a vampire I would definitely give you the gift of immortality so I could have you as a bestie forever. Alas, you won’t be getting the gift of immortality this year, but at least my love is never-ending.

52. You have always helped me get out of trouble, and for that I am thankful. Although, most of the time you were also the person who got me into trouble. Thanks anyway cousin.

53. I am so lucky I have a cousin like you. You are someone I can always rely on, and I hope your birthday is filled with joy, love, and laughter.

54. When we were little you shared your toys, and as we’ve gotten older you’ve shared your heart. Thanks for always being someone I can confide in. I love you and happy birthday cousin!

55. As you embark on another year of life I am starting to feel nostalgic. Especially for those times when I was able to beat you at everything. Those were good times. May you never grow older (or stronger).

56. Happy birthday to the coolest cousin I know. I may only have one but who needs more when they have you? Just know that you’re my family by blood but my friend by choice.

57. Growing up with a cousin like you has been the best type of adventure. I’ve loved every crazy, stupid, and exciting moment spent with you. I hope your birthday is delightful.

58. I wish you health, happiness, and love this year for your birthday. If you don’t get them all this year then hopefully you at least get health. That way you can live long enough to achieve the others!

59. I have loved to disturb you, worry you, and more importantly annoy you. However, my favorite thing is to simply love you. Happy birthday to the world’s best cousin.

60. May your birthday be filled with the light of the living and the brightness of laughter. This year may have been rough, but your birthday marks the point where everything will turn around. Happy birthday, and may the rest of your year be filled with nothing but immeasurably joy and peace.

61. Throughout our childhood we have created some amazing memories together and every single one of them is as unforgettable as you. This year I hope you receive all the fortune life can unfold. Happy birthday!

62. Your birthday marks the start of a new and fantastic year. Don’t dwell too much on where you have been, and only focus on where you are going. May today and all of your tomorrows be better than those of your past.

63. Happy birthday to my awesome cousin who has caused mayhem since the day they were born. May you continue to do so for many years to come.

64. Happy birthday cousin! Take time this birthday to reflect on what you really want in life. It’s time to not just live, but to live spectacularly. You are capable of so much, and I can’t wait to see what you accomplish in life.

65. Happy birthday to my partner in crime. For every fun exploit you were always right beside me. Thanks for making life an adventure worth having.

66. I’m so glad that I have had a cousin like you to help guide and support me. I’m even more glad that now I’m finally taller than you! Happy birthday shorty.

67. You have so much potential in life and so much to offer the world. In all your successes don’t forget the people you have impacted and influenced along the way. People like me. Your favorite cousin.

68. The most valuable things in life can show up in the most unlikely places. Like cousins. You mean so much to me, and I adore you.

69. Happy birthday to someone who was always stuck being the Robin to my Batman. You will always be my favorite sidekick in life.

70. I’ve watched you grow over the years and I couldn’t be prouder of the young man you have become. Today I am wishing you many more birthdays filled with endless love and laughter.

71. Some wisdom for my favorite cousin: Don’t dwell on the dimness of the past, but instead press on for your future is incredibly bright. Happy birthday!

72. When I was lonely you were a friend, and when I cried you cried with me. I will never forget all the ways you’ve been there for me and all the things you’ve done. Thanks for being present in my life.

73. Even though every day brings new challenges great or small. Remember that you have an inner warrior ready to conquer every battle. I hope your birthday heralds a year filled with greatness.

74. Getting older really makes you appreciate things more than when you were a child. I really do appreciate and treasure every moment spent with you. Happy birthday cousin.

75. On your birthday I would love to tell you that you are handsome, young, and simply wonderful. But then I would have to lie! Happy birthday to my old, ugly, and simply annoying (but deeply loved) cousin.

76. Bickering with you over the years has become not only my favorite past time, but has taught me that there is more than one way to say I love you.

77. There are lots of parts of my childhood I would like to forget, but none of them include you. Thanks for being a fond memory I can always look back on with happiness.

78. To my little cousin, I remember having to love and care for you when you were small. Now that you’re a responsible young man I am fortunate that all I have to do is simply love you. Easiest job in the world. Happy birthday!

79. You help make life worth living and dreams worth dreaming. Wishing you all the very best on your birthday cousin.

80. Thanks for always setting the bar so high that my achievements have paled in comparison. I still love you. I just also hate you a little too. Happy birthday cousin!

81. When you were born, I was so sure that your mission in life was to ruin mine. Now I know that it was to enrich it in every way possible. My world is a better place because you are in it.

82. From daring adventures to the sweetest conversations, I am truly grateful to have you in my life. Happy birthday cousin!

83. I am so thankful for the way our relationship has developed over the years. I would never have known that we would end up the very best of friends.

84. When I look back on all the important times in my life I realized there was one thing that was constant: you. Thanks for being steadfast in your love for me cousin. I wish you all the very best for your birthday.

85. I may not get to see you all that often, but I certainly wish I could see you more. Thinking of you on your special day, and wishing you a day filled with rainbows, hugs, and kisses.

86. I wish you happiness as big as the ocean today. Thank you for being not only a sweet cousin but a great friend as well. I hope you have a spectacular birthday.

87. This birthday you already have everything you could wish for including my love and respect, but just to be safe I am also bringing you a birthday drink. Or maybe two. You can never be too prepared.

88. Happy birthday cousin! Birthdays may come and go but to your family every day with you is a precious gift. Let’s celebrate in style this year cousin. Go big or go home!

89. On your birthday it’s my job to remind you how awesome you are. Our whole family’s life has changed for the better since you have come into it. I can’t imagine not having a cousin as phenomenal as you.

90. My childhood memories with you are priceless. I don’t just have a cousin, I have a life-long friend. Happy birthday!

91. You may have become a year older and wiser, but always remember that I’m still smarter than you! Happy birthday cousin.

92. This year I want to encourage you to reach for the impossible. Nothing can stop you from achieving your dreams when you put your mind to something. Not even your cousin who fondly loves to try and hold you back.

93. Thanks for always being the kind of person I could look up to. Someone who is steady no matter what life throws their way. For all the years you’ve given me friendship, courage, and love I am truly grateful cousin. I hope to always give the same to you.

94. This birthday remember to let the number of years you’ve lived not be a reminder of how old you are, but instead a reminder of all you’ve overcome. Congrats on being a conqueror of life. I’m impressed.

95. Thanks for not only understanding my special brand of crazy but also for being just a wee bit crazier. Happy birthday fruit loop! I still love you.

96. On your birthday I pray that God’s blessings light up all the paths you walk in life, and may your heart always be too small to hold all the love that he pours into your life.

97. There is no amount of money or gifts that could equal the value I place on the amount of joy and wonder you bring into my life. Stay priceless cousin.

98. Just know that in my moments of weakness it’s your love and adoration that help carry me through. Thanks for being my strength in times of need. You are my rock.

99. I hope your birthday is nothing short of spectacular and filled with unforgettable memories. Just remember that birthdays are only highlights in your life, and you have a whole year filled with happiness to look forward to.

100. For all the times I stole your toys just because they were yours I want you to know I’m sorry. A little.

101. As you become another year older I don’t want you to worry. It will always be my job to annoy you no matter how old we get. Happy birthday cousin!

102. I consider myself unbelievably lucky to have such a caring cousin like you. Thanks for always keeping watch over me. Your presence has been one of the biggest pillars of support I have had in my life.

103. Even though sometimes I want to murder you and bury your body in a shallow unmarked grave I restrain myself, because deep down I really do love you. It’s just so far down that sometimes I forget!

104. Thank you for always forgiving me. It’s such a simple thing, but it says so much about you as a person. Happy birthday to the coolest cousin there is!

105. Always remember how much I love you and that if you fall down I will always be there to help pick you back up. Right after I finish laughing at you.

106. You are strong, hilarious, and truly lovable. I must admit that life would be ever so boring without you. Thanks for being a shining light in my life. You’ve always helped to light the way for me in life.

107. When you make your birthday wish keep in mind that sometimes dreams really do come true. I ended up with a cousin as kind and caring as you. Happy birthday cousin!

108. When I was little and I needed someone to talk to you always listened. Thank you for always being my soundboard in life.

109. You are my motivation in life cousin. I know you couldn’t possibly want for anything for your birthday, because you seem to have it all. I’m still going to send you my love and respect anyway.

110. Happy birthday to the person who knows firsthand what it was like growing up in our family. I must say I think we only came out slightly crazy. Happy birthday cousin!

111. You are the type of cousin that always helped me celebrate like there was no tomorrow in good times, and when times were bad you were also the first person to remind me that there is always tomorrow. Thanks for always being a source of positivity in my life.

112. You shine so brightly that others can only look in awe. May your birthday sparkle just as much as you, because not many people make being awesome look as good as you do. Keep up the perfection cousin.

113. You are the perfect example of family. Your fearlessness inspires me, your determination challenges me, and more importantly your love supports and surrounds me. Happy birthday!

114. Our experiences in life help to define the people we become. Thanks to my phenomenal cousin I’ve become a better person. I want you to know I’ve always got your back if you ever need me.

115. I wish you the very best on your special day, not just today, but for every day for the rest of the year as well. If anyone deserves it, it’s you. Happy birthday!

116. Today is all about you cousin. You are a superstar, superhero, and super boss. Basically, you are amazing, and I hope every dream you wish will come true. Happy birthday!

117. People may call you my cousin, but the reality is that you are my sister. In my times of need you’ve always come to my aide. I couldn’t wish for better family than you.

118. As we have grown over the years our relationship has as well. It’s become deeper, richer, and stronger with age. Thank you for being amazing!

119. Family is often disguised in disagreements and fights, but underneath it all is unending love and adoration. I know that deep down you are a big fluffy marshmallow who lurvs me.

120. I can’t count how many times you have brought a smile to my face and laughter into my life. I hope your birthday is as wonderful as you are.

Other birthday wishes

Happy birthday aunt – Maybe you need some birthday wishes for your cousin’s mother as well. If so, we’ve got you covered.



Oyewole Folarin loves writing greeting-card messages and helping others find the words they need for life's special moments.

Our teachers give us the tools we need to grow and succeed. Why not let them know how much their work means to us by giving them a birthday card with a thoughtful message?

Our teachers are some of the most important figures in our lives, but they often go underappreciated. They impart the knowledge and skills that we need to become better people. They show us how to function and thrive in our society. Most importantly, they educate us so we can contribute meaningfully to making the world a better place for everyone to live, work, and have fun in. When an educator's birthday comes around, we should use it as an opportunity to express how much we value their work and recognize the meaningful impact they have on our lives.

A personalized birthday card is something that you can use to express your sincere wishes to your favorite teacher. If an educator, professor, or lecturer has made a difference in your (or your child's) life, sending them a personalized card is a great way to let them know they are appreciated.

Below are some example birthday messages written specifically for teachers. Some are longer and would work well in cards, while others are shorter and would be more appropriate for a social media post. You can use these messages as-is or combine and adapt them to create your own unique birthday wish. Let's congratulate our educators on another successful trip around the sun!

Teachers are among the most important figures in our lives. Let them know!

What to Write in a Teacher's Birthday Card

• I wish you a fulfilling life and many more years of joy, happiness, and success as you spread your knowledge. Happy birthday to an awesome teacher!

• Happy birthday to my favorite teacher and mentor. Thank you for inspiring me to never stop learning.

• Welcome to the senior citizens’ world! Now there's nothing left to do except relax, play golf, and have fun with your mates. Thank you for educating me and the rest of the community for all these years. Congratulations and best wishes on your special day!

• Birthdays bring new joy, new discovery, and new hope—just like teachers! Accept my warmest congratulations on your milestone birthday.

• For my gorgeous favorite teacher—who turns [insert age] today and is still looking very young—I hope your birthday is as special as you are!

• You deserve the best—not just on your special day but in every moment. You inspire me and encourage me to be a better person. Thank you for all that you do. Have a wonderful day!

• A birthday is an opportunity to be thankful for what we have accomplished in life, and you've accomplished a lot! It's also a time to appreciate the joy we feel in the present as we look forward at what's to come. You deserve the best!

• What do I have to offer that could possibly match the difference you’ve made in my life? it's your special day, and all I can do is thank you for never giving up on me and for believing in my capabilities. Have a wonderful celebration!

• Thank you for encouraging me and for giving me the tools I needed to succeed in my education. Anyway, have fun today, and enjoy being a senior citizen!

• I hope your birthday is filled with your favorite things! The gifts you've given me are intangible yet infinitely meaningful. You are a wonderful teacher.

• I wanted to use this opportunity to thank you for all you have taught me since we met. I know it's your job, but it still feels like a gift to me. Here's wishing you all of the happiness in life as you mark another journey around the sun!

• Your guidance has had a great influence on the way I think. The story of my life wouldn’t be complete without mentioning how you have changed my outlook and given me the tools I need to grow and learn. I wish you all the best today and always!

• You’re indeed one of the great heroes of our time! Well, at least in my life and the lives of your other students. May you be blessed with many more years to continue doing what you do best!

I have come to believe that a great teacher is a great artist and that there are as few as there are any other great artists. Teaching might even be the greatest of the arts since the medium is the human mind and spirit.

— John Steinbeck

Our educators don't just give us information—they give us the tools we need to use information to make wise decisions.

More Birthday Wishes for an Educator or Professor

• You are not only my favorite teacher but also my unofficial life coach. Your teaching skills have earned you so much recognition, and for good reason. On your [insert year] birthday, I wish you good health, happiness, and all the very best in life. Thank you for doing what you do!

• I feel so blessed to be one of your students. The impact of your valuable lessons is greater than you know. May your birthday be filled with joy, happiness, and new memories!

• Let me use your big day to thank you for being a wonderful teacher. You have touched so many lives in such positive ways. Happy birthday!

• I’m extremely blessed to have you as my teacher and my guide. You have never left me alone, and you’re always willing to help me persevere no matter what it takes. Happy birthday!

• You've inspired me so much this semester. When I was having difficulties, you stood by me and went above and beyond what is expected from a tutor. You’re the best teacher I could ask for. Happy birthday!

• My life at school wouldn’t have been as enjoyable without you around guiding and encouraging me. Happy birthday to the best teacher with the kindest heart!

• I’m seriously indebted to you for everything you do. Thank you for teaching me how to learn. I hope your birthday is as amazing as you are!

• Happy birthday! I hope you are showered with gifts today. The most special gift I've ever gotten is my education, and you gave it to me. Thanks for being you.

• I hope to impart knowledge onto future leaders just as you’ve imparted it onto me. You inspire me to want to educate. Happy birthday!

• You may not be as young as you once were, but the things you've taught me are more relevant than ever! I hope you have an awesome birthday!

• The role that you play in your students' lives is so important. Thank you for teaching your course with passion. Here's to you! Happy birthday.

• Happy birthday, Teach! Thank you for all your inspiration and kind advice. Your work means the world to me.

• Happy birthday to the best teacher around. Here’s wishing you a bright and exciting birthday. Keep up the awesome work!

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.

— Henry Brooks Adams

Our educators are some of our most treasured gifts. Let's let them know!

• Happy birthday to my favorite teacher and an amazing person.

• May your birthday bring you all manner of happiness and good tidings. Have a wonderful celebration, Teach!

• The lessons I've learned from you have helped me become who I am today. Congratulations, and have a great birthday!

• Your lessons have prepared me well for the many challenges ahead. Happy birthday to a talented tutor!

• You’re not only my favorite teacher but also my mentor. Cheers to you on your big day!

• I wish you a joyous and blissful birthday! The education you've given me means the world to me today and always.

• Today, let’s celebrate joy and goodness. Happy birthday to the world’s #1 teacher!

• It's your special day, so enjoy it your way! Here's to my favorite teacher.

• You’re a wonderful professor, and I feel blessed to have the honor of wishing you a happy birthday.

• There is no doubt in my mind that you chose the right career. Happy birthday to my teacher and mentor!

• I wish you a year of success, luck, and happiness! Thanks for being such a caring educator.

• If anyone deserves recognition, it's you. Happy birthday to someone who has made a career out of helping others.

• Thank you for the skills and values that you've instilled in me at school. Happy birthday!

• The things you've taught me mean the world! I wish you good health and a joyous celebration.

Let him that is taught in the word communicate unto him that teacheth in all good things.

— Galatians 6:6

Spiritual leaders are teachers, too! Don't let them go under-appreciated on their special day!

Religious Wishes for Spiritual Teachers

• May God bless you and give you many more blissful years to continue imparting knowledge and instilling moral values in your students. Have the happiest of birthdays!

• May God’s mercy and blessings be upon you today and always. Happy birthday to the most outstanding teacher in the world!

• As you celebrate your special day, I'm sending a prayer to you that your light will continue to shine brightly. May God keep you strong and healthy as you continue to educate with courage.

• I pray that God continues to guide your work as you teach others like me. You're the best!

• May God grant you many more happy years to continue doing what you do best—encouraging, inspiring, and mentoring young people!

• Doing what you do is no small feat. You’re impact on your students' lives is extraordinary. May God continue to bless you and fulfill all your wishes!

• It’s truly a blessing to see you celebrate another year around the sun. May God's light continue to shine upon you today and always.

• Please, accept my fond thoughts and best wishes today. May God meet all your needs and keep you safe always. Here's to my favorite educator!

• Thank you, God, for giving my favorite teacher many more blissful years of life to continue helping future leaders grow and learn. Happy birthday!



Information obtained from websites:
, ,