Hbd Words

Happy Birthday Messages to the One You Love

Happy birthday beautiful! May you find the right path that will lead you towards success.

Raise a toast this birthday party as you aren’t getting old, but becoming more wonderful.

Some people get wiser with age. Some people get richer with age. And you keep getting more beautiful with age. HBD!

With each passing day, you bloom with grace and finesse. That is because you share your blessings of love with those around you! Wishing you an abundance of the best things in this world and the fulfillment of your heart’s desires on your big day!

Birthday Greetings

You are never fully dressed without a smile, smile more often!

Happy b-day to the person who is charming, witty, and gorgeous.

Happy HBD to the sweetest girl ever!

HBD oh great one!

You deserve all the love and happiness in the world.

Wishing the day is as gorgeous as you are.

I hope your day is filled with treats and surprises because you deserve them my love.

For Her

On this special day I am sending you all the hugs and kisses in the world lovely girl.

May your b-day be as wonderful as you are.

I notice, you just added a year to your life and it doesn’t show. HBD!

To the most angelic girl in the world, I hope you have a great day and all your dreams come true!
All things are sweet and bright. May you have a lovely b-day Night.

I hope you have the loveliest day because you are the loveliest person! Enjoy your day!

On your very special day once a year, I take great joy in wishing you a happy birthday sister!

I’d paint a rainbow in the sky just to be able to wish you fabulous birthday girl!

HBD Wishes

Your future is as bright as the glow on your face. Birthday greetings to you.

May this special day be filled with lots of happy moments and smiles on your beautiful face!

I pray to God to bless you with all his love, luck, and joy on your big day!

To a golden girl who has a Midas touch!

Wishing you more cakes to eat and more years of beauty!

May this day be filled with many happy hours and your life with many HBDs.

Cheers!

You are special and stunning and I hope that you float through the day with a big smile on your face. Happy b-day!

May your brightest wishes shine in good and bad times gorgeous.

Life should be lived with a smile on your face and no one does a better job of putting one on my face than your beautiful face!

The day has come and it’s so special. Today is your b-day, I’m wishing you love, wisdom, strength, and joy on this special day.

You are the sunshine on a rainy day, chasing the blues away. The summer in winter, thawing the chill away. You are the magic in my dull and monotonous life, painting my journey with different hues of love and happiness. A happiest birthday to the most charming girl.

Birthday Texts

May all your wishes come true on this day gorgeous.

May you get everything you wish for today! I know my wish is fulfilled just by seeing your lovely face!

Happy Birthday My Love to an angel who rocks my world!

SMS

It doesn’t matter if you have forgotten to wear your beautiful birthday dress and your red lipstick. Happy b-day!

The sweetest wish of health, happiness and success to a very special girl in my life. Your cute face brings so much joy in my life.

May your memories today be awesome, your dreams become a reality, and your joy and beauty last forever. Have a wonderful birthday.

Great Birthday Quotes

A diplomat is a man who always remembers a woman’s birthday but never remembers her age.
Robert Frost

I wanted to buy a candle holder, but the store didn’t have one. So I got a cake.

There are two great days in a person’s life — the day we are born and the day we discover why.
William Barclay

The best way to remember your wife’s birthday is to forget it once.
H.V. Prochnow

You have to get older, but you don’t have to grow up.
Unknown

Old age is like everything else. To make a success of it, you’ve got to start young.
Fred Astaire

Few women admit their age. Few men act theirs.
John Glenn

Age is a case of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it don’t matter.
Satchel Paige

I wish I could turn back the clock. I’d find you sooner and love you longer.
Unknown

Happy Birthday Beautiful Messages

Happy b-day to a lovely and wonderful woman. Your kind heart knows how to care for people. I wish you all the best!

On your special day I wish for you lots of love, health, hope, happiness, and joy. Stay blessed!

You are the reason for this sunshine. Your new age is the beginning of marvelous things to happen. Happy Birthday Dad.

Happy b-day to the most lovely flower in the world. You always keep looking young and charming.

Today brings your special day. Just look how pretty you are in that smile. May all your heart desires come true! Happy HBD!

A dazzling smile to start your day with is the best medication for life. A wonderful person like you always knows how to put that smile on our face.

Wishing a happy b-day to a stunning and lovely person. I just want you to know you are always appreciated. Enjoy your day.

You are a delightful addition to this world and I am glad I had the chance to meet a woman as special as you. Have a hearty birthday!

Happy Birthday Beautiful Images

By Mike O'Halloran

Editor of Greeting Card Poet, O'Halloran gets to practice his “Happy Birthday Beautiful” lines on his wife and four daughters.

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What does the acronym HBD mean?

While “happy birthday” is the most common definition of HBD, it has a variety of other possible meanings. These are listed below from The Free Dictionary and Acronym Finder. One should be careful when using these other definitions because of the popularity of the meaning “happy birthday.” One will usually assume this acronym stands for “happy birthday,” so ensure that the context is abundantly clear before using another definition.

• Has Been Drinking (police communications)

• Human Biodiversity

• Heat Balance Diagram (thermal power)

• Hadron Bling Detector

• Here Be Dragons

• Hypophosphatemic Bone Disease

• Hot Box Detector

• Hadron Blind Detector

• Holden by Design (car enhancement company; Australia)

• Hidden Button Down (shirt type)

• Hydrogen Bond Donor

• Hydraulic Bottom Detector

• Hierarchical Block Design

• Highest Benefit Density

• Handheld Business Device

• Here by Demand (various organizations)

• Hot Bus Driver

• Half Board (business & finance)

Is the abbreviation HBD casual or formal?

In the below scenario, the abbreviation HBD would be inappropriate. This is followed by a revised version of the same message. In this example, Ralph is wishing his boss a happy birthday in a card he will leave on her desk.

BAD:

Hey Maisy,

HBD! Been a gr8 year working 4 u n here’s 2 many more!

-Ralph

GOOD:

Dear Maisy,

Happy Birthday! I have truly enjoyed working for you this past year. Here’s to many more happy birthdays ahead of us!

Best,

Ralph

In this scenario, Ralph should write a more formal card to his boss. If he was texting a friend, HBD would be fine, but in a formal card or letter, he should use the full form of the phrasal verbs.

What are synonyms for the abbreviation HBD?

According to 7 E S L and ESL Buzz, there are many alternate ways to wish someone a happy birthday. Some of these are also acronyms which should be used in informal contexts, but others are appropriate to use in formal situations as well.

• HBTU – Happy Birthday To You

• HBTY – Happy Birthday To You

• HLBD – Happy Late Birthday

• HEBR – Happy Early Birthday

• HBBD – Happy Being Born Day

• Many more happy returns!

• All the best on your special day!

• May you have a fantastic day and many more to come!

• I wish you a wonderful birthday!

• Have a great one!

• It’s time to celebrate!

• May your birthday be filled with laughter!

• Wishing you many more candles to blow.

• I hope you have a wonderful birthday.

• Many happy returns of the day!

• Have a good one!

• Have a great birthday!

• All the best!

• Have a fabulous birthday!

• I wish you a happier birthday than anyone else has wished you.

• I wish you all the best on your special day.

• I hope you have a fantastic day and a fantastic year to come.

• Wishing you a day that is as special as you are.

How can HBD be used in a sentence?

Mary Elizabeth: Ella Mae! Wishing u a very HBD! Miss u sm and can’t wait 2 c u at xmas. Have an awesome day!

In this next example, Jennica texts her work friend Penny about some potential plans.

Jennica: Hey Penny! Do you want to come to this karaoke bar with me on Friday? They’re doing a musical theater night and I feel like you would be AWESOME!

Jennica: OMG HBD! I can’t believe I didn’t know it was your birthday! We can of course reschedule – and I am DEFINITELY going to make sure something special is waiting for you in the breakroom.

Overall, the trending slang word HBD stands for “happy birthday.” This is a very casual abbreviation, and should be exclusively used in informal contexts like SMS text messages or via social media. If one wants to wish someone a happy birthday in a more formal context, they should use the full form of the phrase.

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March 27, 2022 at 4:24 am GMT

IQs are certainly related to group differences in corruption. The Sámi, Finns, Koreans and Japanese all have high IQs. Black Americans, otoh, have low IQs but are highly outbred (with whites) and do not have a history of cousin marriage. But largely black municipalities are generally highly corrupt.

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March 27, 2022 at 4:34 am GMT • 200 Words

Black Americans, otoh, have low IQs but are highly outbred (with whites)”

Outbreeding, in this context, ≠ race mixing. One or two generations isn't going to make much of a difference. Long-term patterns over many generations is what's important, as that shapes relevant selective pressures.

and do not have a history of cousin marriage

Perhaps they don't. That doesn't seem to be quite clear at the moment. Polygyny might lead to a form of cousin marriage (by reducing the numbers of fathers contributing to the gene pool).

I suspect IQ is only incidentally related to clannishness. The Chinese demonstrate that high average IQ doesn't preclude clannishness. And, perhaps, the Semai (who I presume, though I don't know, aren't horrendously smart) demonstrate that low average IQ doesn't preclude unclannishness. Indeed, I'd imagine the average IQ of American Blacks and the Semai (assuming they're like other SE Asians) are comparable.

I suspect that the conditions that lead to outbred marriage rarely occur in pre-state and underdeveloped state societies, and this might explain the partial connection between IQ and clannishness (which HBD Chick did look at once).

I also think intelligence is the other pertinent factor here. Regardless of how outbred a people are, it's hard to believe that if a group has an average IQ is in the 70s, they're going to be able to embrace democracy and capitalism in the way that Western Europeans have. A violent, stupid people are likely to remain violent and stupid, even if they do marry outside of the village.

I'm sure breeding patterns do have some effect on intelligence, particularly when you're dealing with extreme inbreeding, but they don't seem to be the main factor. If they were, Western Europeans would be the smartest people on earth, and not East Asians. Since East Asians have so many visible adaptations to cold weather, and we know that Europeans survived the last Ice Age, I'm willing to bet that this is the main factor that effects intelligence and therefore, corruption.

March 27, 2022 at 1:00 pm GMT • 200 Words

I'm also interested in the role that Neoteny might or might not play in this story. In Western European societies and in Sub-Saharan Africans we see significant numbers of people with neotenous characteristics (childlike play behaviors retained into adulthood). Think about Jimmy Fallon or Tina Fey or Jack Black. As a board member for a local arts organization, I've often noticed how the most talented expressive artists (and it doesn't matter what kind, music, painting, improv, acting) are the most willing to be silly and weird, like life is just a fun game. These behaviors make other people feel young and most people (with exceptions for the especially uptight) love that. I don't have a lot of experience with Asians (because not a single one has come into my organization in the four years I've been involved) but my understanding is that they might lack the silly playful side of neoteny. It's interesting that in domesticated dogs, neoteny comes with docility _and_ childlike play behavior retention, but in humans we have some groups that got some of one trait and not the other… why?

~S

March 27, 2022 at 1:25 pm GMT

Those maps are not labelled. Why are they a map of? Maybe I would know if I kept up with all of HBD* Chick's blog, but I haven't.

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March 27, 2022 at 2:56 pm GMT • 100 Words

Are the Sami really a high IQ people? I don't have much data but the little I have suggest otherwise. They seem a bit smarter and more peaceful than most indigenous people but it's hard to find any intellectuals among them, and they didn't have a written language until the modern era.

March 27, 2022 at 3:09 pm GMT

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March 27, 2022 at 3:18 pm GMT • 200 Words

Two other factors to consider are pathogens/behavioral immune system and life history. These two are no doubt related as well since lots of pathogens would select for a short life history. In China, the combination of clannishness and long life history could translate to more corruption but less violence, since the latter is more risky. In central Africa social behavior could be more pathogen-driven, as suggested by their attitude to LGBT people.

March 28, 2022 at 1:39 am GMT • 100 Words

Major biomes/environmental factors probably play a role. For example, Iceland, Korea, Finland, and Japan are all fairly isolated places (three islands, one peninsula), where societies have probably developed without having to deal with a lot of invaders. An outbred French person still has to potentially deal with invading Germans, something the Japanese have never had to consider.

Within a biome/environmental region, in-breeding vs. out-breeding probably makes a difference.

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March 28, 2022 at 1:45 am GMT • 100 Words

”Are the Sami really a high IQ people? I don’t have much data but the little I have suggest otherwise. They seem a bit smarter and more peaceful than most indigenous people but it’s hard to find any intellectuals among them, and they didn’t have a written language until the modern era.”

Staffan,
Samis would like as skimos, greater heads but with slightly shorter iq caused by their little population AND few events, the intelligence selection need the necessity to…

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March 28, 2022 at 1:56 am GMT

You bring up something I've considered. I'm not sure of the why, but it's hard to escape the observation that these places that fall somewhat outside the pattern are all peripheral places, and indeed, somewhat isolated.

March 28, 2022 at 3:24 am GMT • 100 Words

The upper map is the corruption perception across the various countries of the world. Northwestern Europe and its derivatives are noticeable outliers to a general world-wide pattern of corruption.

The second map is my impression of where in the world the traits of populations fits would would be expected by HBD Chick's theory.

March 28, 2022 at 3:26 am GMT

China and Muslim world just don't seem to fit.

March 28, 2022 at 3:36 am GMT • 200 Words

Guys and girls, it's worth remembering that several distinct evolutionary processes separate pre-State from State-living people (and separate hunter-gatherers specifically from primitive farmers).

For one, agriculture itself selected for a suite of traits in humans. It many ways this was the “taming” of man.

As well, especially in colder farming societies, where food production was tough, you had selection for intelligence and other traits ala Gregory Clark/Ron Unz selection.

Only on top of these do you have the selective pressures imposed by inbreeding vs. outbreeding.

Broadly, Richard Lynn's idea about higher IQs being selected for in Ice Age conditions is wrong. One, many modern people aren't, by in large, descended from the Ice Age hunter-gathers across Europe and Asia. Second, peoples such as the Inuit demonstrate that Ice Ages themselves did not result in modern average IQ levels.

As such, it's possible that pre-State peoples have very poor capacity to function in large organized States with extended networks of trust and rules of order. Perhaps this explains Africa. It may appear HBD Chick's idea apply more to settled peoples – farmers – and perhaps herders – than it does to hunter-gatherers.

Anyone who thinks *FInns* of all people are not made for dealing with invaders is clueless beyond belief. Finland was a regular warzone from prehistory to 1809, the poorest, most screwed up corner of Europe that didn't develop because every few decades everything would get burned down and plundered because of some war – or even without any war as the border was meaningless and Swedes and Russians and lawless Lapps would raid even at times of peace until recent centuries.

There are few places in Europe as badly cursed by geography of great powers (well, until Sweden was outmatched by Russia) and very few European people have had the martial focus, self-reliance ideals and stranger dislike that Finns do (or did before we became fat computer nerds). Finland was Western Europe's only frontier culture or perhaps it's more appropriate to say that Finns outside the very few (and mostly Swedish) coastal cities were a frontier culture that didn't follow European norms until the pacification of the past few centuries.

And BTW all Scandinavian island mini societies like Åland and Farö are incredibly hostile to immigration, even immigration by their co-ethnics from the mainland, so Iceland is not an exception to any trend.

Not sure population size matters, but events, a varying environment (socially and ecologically), seems likely to influence intelligence.

A difference between Sami and Eskimo (and perhaps most indigenous people) is that the Sami are non-violent and not prone to alcohol or drug abuse. Not sure why

March 28, 2022 at 5:26 pm GMT • 700 Words

there does seem to be some sort of connection between intelligence and corruption, but i don't think that's the whole story. if it were, then china ought to be virutally corruption free, but it's not. japan, too, is possibly more corrupt than what appears on the surface (i.e. just looking at the corruption perceptions index) — if you look at anatoly karlin's corruption realities index (i.e. those who said they actually have to pay bribes for stuff), then japan doesn't come out so hot — they start approaching the corruption levels of argentina and latvia and even (*gasp*) italy!

the question of african americans and corruption is an interesting one. like jayman said, if the theory's right, then we need to look at the long-term mating patterns of african americans (back to what they were doing in africa) and not just their recent mating patterns. thanks to the internal slave trade in the u.s., which increased enormously after the importation of slaves was made illegal, a high percentage of african americans probably have igbo origin (the internal slave trade was dominated by virginia [pg. 50] which had a lot of igbos in its slave population). (you see this in the genetics — a high percentage of african americans appear to be yoruba, but that's probably simply that the ancestors of many african americans came from in and around nigeria and that yoruba genomes are available for comparison in the hapmap collection.)

so what are the igbo like? what are their marriage patterns? well, today they avoid all cousin marriage. the question is, how far back does this practice go? does it go back to before igbos were shipped to the new world as slaves? i dunno. i shall try to find out if possible (might not be possible if there aren't any historical records). the igbo are mostly christian — roman catholic — so the avoidance of cousin marriage might've come from there, although in the 1500s, the church did give a blanket exemption to africans converting to roman catholicism — i.e. they didn't have to avoid cousin marriage. (the church did the same for latin americans.) interestingly, though, there have been a handful of histories of the mating patterns of black slaves in the u.s. (using plantation records), and it seems that slaves in the u.s. avoided cousin marriage. was this a tradition that they (if they were igbo) brought with them from africa? or was this something that they learned in the new world? dunno. (although how they'd learn that from their cousin marrying owners, i don't know!)

but, then there is the polygamy, which also narrows the relatedness in a population (lot of people in the village might be your half-siblings, let alone your first cousins!), and so could drive a selection for clannish behaviors. and the igbo, up until very recently, practiced polygamy. some still do.

and, then, of course many african americans do not have igbo ancestry. many slaves came from further south along the west coast. ‘fraid i don't know much about them or what their mating patterns were.

one interesting thing to contemplate is that many african americans also have white ancestry. but who were those white ancestors? probably mostly southern whites — the scots-irish and hackett-fischer's “distressed cavaliers” — the two anglo-american populations most given to corruption! (and both having comparatively recent inbreeding practices.) so, the case of african americans might be a bit like the mexicans and the southern spaniards who settled in mexico — african americans may have wound up mating with the most corrupt anglos of north america! lesson: be careful who you introgress with. (~_^)

March 28, 2022 at 9:18 pm GMT

As for African-Americans and inbreeding, I'll take your word for it: I don't know much about AA mating patterns.

March 28, 2022 at 9:45 pm GMT

Yeah, the Sámi have relatively high IQs. I have some unpublished data which suggests IQs in the 90s.

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Interesting. High or low 90s? Considering that the Inuit average IQ is 91, somewhere around there wouldn't be horrendously surprising.

Clannish marriage clearly has genetic consequences. But maybe the glue holding such a system in place is more cultural than biological. Pope Gregory seems to have changed the culture in parts of Europe largely by fiat, after all.

Take the issue of consanguineous marriages among Bradford's Muslim community – a practice that is sometimes underscored by the threat of “honour killing” the daughter who refuses to marry the person she's told to marry. The need for that threat is one reason I suspect we're dealing with cultural enforcement of a norm rather than a biological urge only to lust for the bodies of close relatives.

Supposing a massive government campaign persuaded this generation of Muslim dads to let their daughters marry out. Once she's married out, isn't that likely to be a permanent cultural change?

March 29, 2022 at 1:47 pm GMT • 100 Words

”Not sure population size matters, but events, a varying environment (socially and ecologically), seems likely to influence intelligence.

A difference between Sami and Eskimo (and perhaps most indigenous people) is that the Sami are non-violent and not prone to alcohol or drug abuse. Not sure why”

Staffan,
My 20 cents is, samis is like a older euro-caucasians. Probably, the tolerance to alcohol as to milk, is more older essencial traits of the caucasians than we imagine. Eskimo and other northern-amerasians are not naturally more violent but environmentallly prone to be violent because the contact with the variable european diet. Without the alcoholism i think that they turn much more pacific, like the skimos who live isolated with the white civilization.

March 29, 2022 at 4:18 pm GMT • 100 Words

Staffan,
here in Hbdosphere i read about ”little populations have less efficience to pass advantageous traits than greater populations”. This supposedly explain the bigger head but not higher iq of skimos and explain east asians. Probably, no only by genetic reasons but also because greater population or growing populations need more challenges and risk than stable and little populations. Necessity is the soul of the selection. Problems happen and turn greater, so, estrategies to solve him need better and only humans can make it.

March 29, 2022 at 4:37 pm GMT

Not only growing population like amish, but also and specially many challenger events to modify the phenotypes.

April 1, 2022 at 5:31 am GMT • 400 Words

The issue I have with this theory is the lack of a concrete psychological mechanism. It is hardly a new idea that some societies are based more than others on extended family relationships and that this influences the incidence of corruption and incompetence in government. But this theory further posits the involvement of inborn psychological traits. Just what are they? Inbreeding is supposed to create selective pressure against altruism, but are people of inbred societies really less altruistic? It is not clear to me. And how in concrete terms does this lack of altruism explain the corruption, extortion and factiousness that pervade these regions?

One cannot fail to notice that certain cultures have a strong tradition of hospitality; Arabs for instance, are often eager to help a stranger in need, expecting nothing in return, more often (I would say) than urban Westerners. Charity is one of the five pillars of Islam, and while I don't know how much Muslims actually donate (data would be welcome), they do love to boast about it. Of course any high-spiritedness goes out the window when their religion is challenged.

A similar pattern can be seen with American conservatives. Conservatives are considered more hospitable (Southern hospitality) and I have read that they donate more to charity than liberals. By a conventional definition, conservatives may be considered as altruistic as liberals or moreso. But they also have a stronger fighting/warring instinct based on group identity.

The actions of various groups may not line up neatly according to a measure of altruism. Religious conservatives, subordinating their short-term wishes to what they consider the will of God, may seem more altruistic (don't abort the baby) or less so (fight a war to stamp out infidels) depending on the circumstance.

Instead of a lack of altruism, I wonder whether people of the Middle East are disposed toward religiosity and collectivism. These things probably have a genetic component. Steve Sailer has said that high birth rates among conservative Muslims in Turkey help account for the resurgence of Islamism there. It might be argued that fertility trends in Western Europe have reduced these tendencies as they are said to have increased IQ, with the relatively cosmopolitan upper classes outbreeding the lower classes.

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April 1, 2022 at 1:33 pm GMT • 200 Words

Henry Purcell,
i see the social and familiar relationship in collective societies like the relationship between the father and the son. The father ”offers” the house, eat and kindness, specially when the son obey. To have harmony in familiar relations is need understand clearly your role, your obligations and rights. As i always to say, supposedly ”any stuff is better solve when to be smart people”. Therefore, some obligations are subjectives and unfair like as ”veil to muslim women” or ”obligation to pray five times by day in direction to Meccah”.
Urban westerners (germanic and derivatives clusters) part of their individualistic principles to leave people free to try to live accord their way of life. Unfortunatelly, the human average mind is dualistic and extremistic, or to be 8 or 80, so, in a familiar environment there advantages specially, to people who engage this way to live, but with severe restrictions, as ”i can live in my family home but if i obey my father”. The middle path will when we can combined this kindness derived to familiar environment with tolerance (supposedly because many ”liberals” are not soo liberals as this term want to show) found in cosmopolitan urban westerner places.

April 2, 2022 at 1:56 am GMT • 300 Words

The issue I have with this theory is the lack of a concrete psychological mechanism. It is hardly a new idea that some societies are based more than others on extended family relationships and that this influences the incidence of corruption and incompetence in government. But this theory further posits the involvement of inborn psychological traits.

Just what are they? Inbreeding is supposed to create selective pressure against altruism, but are people of inbred societies really less altruistic?

They are towards outsiders, those outside the clan. But they are more so towards those in the clan. Remember, “altruism” isn't one monolithic thing. The “who” and “under what circumstances” are supremely important. See HBD Chick on it here and here.

One cannot fail to notice that certain cultures have a strong tradition of hospitality; Arabs for instance, are often eager to help a stranger in need, expecting nothing in return

That came up at HBD Chick's once. I believe we said something to the effect that it may be a way of avoiding making new enemies unnecessarily. But I can't find where we discussed it.

Charity is one of the five pillars of Islam, and while I don’t know how much Muslims actually donate (data would be welcome), they do love to boast about it.

A similar pattern can be seen with American conservatives. Conservatives are considered more hospitable (Southern hospitality) and I have read that they donate more to charity than liberals

Instead of a lack of altruism, I wonder whether people of the Middle East are disposed toward religiosity and collectivism.

That is apparently part of the whole picture: generally, more clannish = more collectivist (and less individualistic), though religiosity appears to correlate (negatively) with IQ.

See here:

Latitude might also be a factor, harsh environment fosters cooperation with everybody. In animals it can be clearly seen that if it is difficult or impossible for a female to raise offspring alone that then monogamy sets in. The male is forced to help take care of a few offspring with one female or non shall survive. Equally when living in a group it makes sense to act with solidarity or altruism in a harsh environment to anybody nearby because it causes the one helped to live on and be able to repay the gesture someday.

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Well, the issue isn't so much latitude, since we see high levels of clannishness in Eastern Europe and East Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa is really the major outlier, and then only possibly so.

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